Ch 2 ARTS OF THE INDUS VALLEY

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The arts of the Indus Valley Civilisation emerged during the second half of the third millennium BCE.

1. The forms of art found:

sculptures, seals, pottery, jewellery, terracotta figures

2. The artists of that time surely had fine artistic sensibilities and a vivid imagination:

human and animal figures was highly realistic in nature
the anatomical details included in them were unique
the case of terracotta art, the modelling of animal figures was done in an extremely careful manner.

3. The two major sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation are:

Along the Indus river—the cities of Harappa in the north. Mohenjodaro in the south.
This are the one of the earliest examples of civic planning.
Other markers were houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, public baths, etc., arranged in a grid-like pattern.
There was also a highly developed drainage system.
While Harappa and Mohenjodaro are situated in Pakistan, the important sites excavated in India are Lothal and Dholavira in Gujarat, Rakhigarhi in Haryana, Ropar in Punjab, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, etc.

⭐Stone Statues

Statues whether in stone, bronze or terracotta found in Harappan sites are not abundant, but refined.
The stone statues found at Harappa and Mohenjodaro are excellent examples of handling three-dimensional volumes.

1. In stone there are two male figures:

A torso in red sandstone
A bust of a bearded man in soapstone

2. The figure of the bearded man:

It is interpreted as a priest
It is draped in a shawl coming under the right arm and covering the left shoulder
This shawl is decorated with trefoil patterns
The eyes are a little elongated, and half-closed as in meditative concentration
The nose is well formed and of medium size
The mouth is of average size with close-cut moustache and a short beard and whiskers
The ears resemble double shells with a hole in the middle
The hair is parted in the middle, and a plain woven fillet is passed round the head
An armlet is worn on the right hand
Holes around the neck suggest a necklace

⭐Bronze Casting

Bronze casting techniques of the same nature are practised even now in many parts of the country, having a continuous tradition.
The art of bronze-casting was practised on a wide scale by the Harappans.

1. Bronze statues were made using the ‘lost wax’ technique:

In this the wax figures were first covered with a coating of clay and allowed to dry.
Then the wax was heated and the molten wax was drained out through a tiny hole made in the clay cover.
The hollow mould thus created was filled with molten metal which took the original shape of the object.
Once the metal cooled, the clay cover was completely removed.

2. In bronze we find:

Human as well as animal figures,
The best example of the former being the statue of a girl popularly titled ‘Dancing Girl’.
Animal figures in bronze the buffalo with its uplifted head, back and sweeping horns and the goat are of artistic merit.
Bronze casting was popular at all the major centres of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
The copper dog, Bird of Lothal
The bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan are in no way inferior to the human figures of copper and bronze from Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

3. Metal casting appears to be a continuous tradition:

The late Harappan and Chalcolithic sites like Daimabad in Maharashtra yielded excellent examples of metal-cast sculptures. They are mainly consist of human and animal figures.

⭐Terracotta

The Indus Valley people made terracotta images also but compared to the stone and bronze statues the terracotta representations of human form are crude in the Indus Valley.
They are more realistic in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan.
The most important among the Indus figures are those representing the mother goddess.

1. In terracotta we find

A few figures of bearded males with coiled hair, their posture rigidly upright, legs slightly apart, and the arms parallel to the sides of the body
A terracotta mask of a horned deity
Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, birds and animals, games men
Discs were also rendered in terracotta.

⭐Seals

1. Archaeologists have discovered thousands of seals:

Made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta,
with beautiful figures of animals (such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo,etc.)
Realistic rendering of these animals in various moods is remarkable.

2. The purpose of producing seals:

was mainly commercial, seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards.

3. Standard Harappan seal was:

Square plaque 2×2 square inches, made from steatite. Seal is engraved in a pictographic script
Some Seals have also been found in ivory.
They all bear a great variety of motifs, most often of animals including those of the bull, with or without the hump, the elephant, tiger,goat and also monsters.
Sometimes trees or human figures were also depicted.

4. The most remarkable seal is the one depicted with a figure in the centre and animals around.

This seal is generally identified as the Pashupati Seal by some scholars whereas some identify it as the female deity.
This seal depicts a human figure seated cross-legged.
An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side of the seated figure,
while on the left a rhinoceros and a buffalo are seen.
In addition to these animals two antelopes are shown below the seat.

Seals such as these date from between 2500 and 1900 BCE and were found in considerable numbers in sites such as the ancient city of Mohenjodaro in the Indus Valley.
Figures and animals are carved in intaglio on their surfaces.
Square or rectangular copper tablets, with an animal or a human figure on one side and an inscription on the other, or an inscription on both sides have also been found.
The figures and signs are carefully cut with a burin. These copper tablets appear to have been amulets.
Unlike inscriptions on seals which vary in each case, inscriptions on the copper tablets seem to be associated with the animals portrayed on them.

⭐Pottery

large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites, enable us to understand the gradual evolution of various designmotifs as employed in different shapes, and styles.

1. Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly:

Mostly of very fine wheel made wares, Few being hand-made.

2. Plain pottery:

It is more common than painted ware.
Plain pottery is generally of red clay, with or without a fine red or grey slip.
It includes knobbed ware, ornamented with rows of knobs.

3. The black painted ware:

It has a fine coating of red slip on which geometric and animal designs are executed in glossy black paint.

4. Polychrome pottery:

It is rare and mainly comprises small vases
decorated with geometric patterns in red, black, and green, rarely white and yellow.

5. Incised ware:

It is also rare and the incised decoration was confined to the bases of the pans, always inside and to the dishes of offering stands.

6. Perforated pottery:

It includes a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall, and was probably used for straining beverages.

7. Pottery for household purposes:

It is found in as many shapes and sizes as could be conceived of for daily practical use.
Straight and angular shapes are an exception, while graceful curves are the rule.
Miniature vessels, mostly less than half an inch in height are, particularly, so marvellously crafted as to evoke admiration.

⭐Beads and Ornaments

Harappan men and women decorate themselves with a large variety of ornaments
It was produced from every conceivable material ranging from precious metals and gemstones to bone and baked clay
Necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger-rings were commonly worn by bothsexes
Women wore girdles, earrings and anklets

1. Hoards of jewellery found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal which include:

Necklaces of gold, Semi-precious stones, Copper bracelets and beads, Gold earrings, Head ornaments, Faience pendants and buttons, Beads of steatite, Gemstones., All ornaments are well crafted.
A cemetery has been found at Farmana in Haryana where dead bodies were buried with ornaments.

2. The bead industry:

It have been well developed as evident from the factories discovered at Chanhudaro and Lothal.

3. Beads were made of:

carnelian, amethyst, jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, copper, bronze, gold, shell, faience, terracotta or burnt clay, Some beads were made of two or more stones cemented together, Some of stone with gold covers

4. The beads are in varying shapes:

disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, segmented
Some were decorated by incising or painting and some had designs etched onto them.
Great technical skill has been displayed in the manufacture of these beads.
The Harappan people also made brilliantly naturalistic models of animals, especially monkeys and squirrels, used as pin-heads and beads.
It is evident from the discovery of a large number of spindles and spindle whorls in the houses of the Indus Valley that spinning of cotton and wool was very common.

Spinning is indicated by finds of whorls made of the expensive faience as also of the cheap pottery and shell.
Men and women wore two separate pieces of attire similar to the dhoti and shawl.
The shawl covered the left shoulder passing below the right shoulder.
From archaeological it appears that the people of the Indus Valley were conscious of fashion.
Different hairstyles were in vogue and wearing of a beard was popular among all.
Cinnabar was used as a cosmetic and facepaint, lipstick and collyrium (eyeliner) were also known to them.
Many stone structural remains are also found at Dholavira which show how the Indus Valley people used stone in construction.

5. The artists and craftsmen of the Indus Valley were extremely skilled in a variety of crafts:

metal casting, stone carving, making and, painting pottery, making terracotta images using simplified motifs of animals, plants and birds.

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NCERT Class 11 Fine Arts Chapter 2 Arts Of The Indus Valley Notes & Solutions Download (An Introduction to Indian Art Part-I) || class 11 fine art chapter 2 notes || class 11 painting chapter 2 notes || CLASS 11 || CBSE || NCERT || classpdfindia.com